Callback¶

Callbacks allow you to add arbitrary self-contained programs to your training. At specific points during the flow of execution (hooks), the Callback interface allows you to design programs that encapsulate a full set of functionality. It de-couples functionality that does not need to be in the lightning module and can be shared across projects.

Lightning has a callback system to execute them when needed. Callbacks should capture NON-ESSENTIAL logic that is NOT required for your lightning module to run.

A complete list of Callback hooks can be found in Callback.

An overall Lightning system should have:

Trainer for all engineering
LightningModule for all research code.
Callbacks for non-essential code.

Example:

from lightning.pytorch.callbacks import Callback

class MyPrintingCallback(Callback):
    def on_train_start(self, trainer, pl_module):
        print("Training is starting")

    def on_train_end(self, trainer, pl_module):
        print("Training is ending")

trainer = Trainer(callbacks=[MyPrintingCallback()])

We successfully extended functionality without polluting our super clean lightning module research code.

You can do pretty much anything with callbacks.

Built-in Callbacks¶

Lightning has a few built-in callbacks.

Note

For a richer collection of callbacks, check out our bolts library.

`BackboneFinetuning`	Finetune a backbone model based on a learning rate user-defined scheduling.
`BaseFinetuning`	This class implements the base logic for writing your own Finetuning Callback.
`BasePredictionWriter`	Base class to implement how the predictions should be stored.
`BatchSizeFinder`	The `BatchSizeFinder` callback tries to find the largest batch size for a given model that does not give an out of memory (OOM) error.
`Callback`	Abstract base class used to build new callbacks.
`DeviceStatsMonitor`	Automatically monitors and logs device stats during training, validation and testing stage.
`EarlyStopping`	Monitor a metric and stop training when it stops improving.
`GradientAccumulationScheduler`	Change gradient accumulation factor according to scheduling.
`LambdaCallback`	Create a simple callback on the fly using lambda functions.
`LearningRateFinder`	The `LearningRateFinder` callback enables the user to do a range test of good initial learning rates, to reduce the amount of guesswork in picking a good starting learning rate.
`LearningRateMonitor`	Automatically monitor and logs learning rate for learning rate schedulers during training.
`ModelCheckpoint`	Save the model periodically by monitoring a quantity.
`ModelPruning`	Model pruning Callback, using PyTorch's prune utilities.
`ModelSummary`	Generates a summary of all layers in a `LightningModule`.
`ProgressBar`	The base class for progress bars in Lightning.
`RichModelSummary`	Generates a summary of all layers in a `LightningModule` with rich text formatting.
`RichProgressBar`	Create a progress bar with rich text formatting.
`StochasticWeightAveraging`	Implements the Stochastic Weight Averaging (SWA) Callback to average a model.
`Timer`	The Timer callback tracks the time spent in the training, validation, and test loops and interrupts the Trainer if the given time limit for the training loop is reached.
`TQDMProgressBar`	This is the default progress bar used by Lightning.

Save Callback state¶

Some callbacks require internal state in order to function properly. You can optionally choose to persist your callback’s state as part of model checkpoint files using state_dict() and load_state_dict(). Note that the returned state must be able to be pickled.

When your callback is meant to be used only as a singleton callback then implementing the above two hooks is enough to persist state effectively. However, if passing multiple instances of the callback to the Trainer is supported, then the callback must define a state_key property in order for Lightning to be able to distinguish the different states when loading the callback state. This concept is best illustrated by the following example.

class Counter(Callback):
    def __init__(self, what="epochs", verbose=True):
        self.what = what
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.state = {"epochs": 0, "batches": 0}

    @property
    def state_key(self) -> str:
        # note: we do not include `verbose` here on purpose
        return f"Counter[what={self.what}]"

    def on_train_epoch_end(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.what == "epochs":
            self.state["epochs"] += 1

    def on_train_batch_end(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.what == "batches":
            self.state["batches"] += 1

    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict):
        self.state.update(state_dict)

    def state_dict(self):
        return self.state.copy()


# two callbacks of the same type are being used
trainer = Trainer(callbacks=[Counter(what="epochs"), Counter(what="batches")])

A Lightning checkpoint from this Trainer with the two stateful callbacks will include the following information:

{
    "state_dict": ...,
    "callbacks": {
        "Counter{'what': 'batches'}": {"batches": 32, "epochs": 0},
        "Counter{'what': 'epochs'}": {"batches": 0, "epochs": 2},
        ...
    }
}

The implementation of a state_key is essential here. If it were missing, Lightning would not be able to disambiguate the state for these two callbacks, and state_key by default only defines the class name as the key, e.g., here Counter.

Best Practices¶

The following are best practices when using/designing callbacks.

Callbacks should be isolated in their functionality.
Your callback should not rely on the behavior of other callbacks in order to work properly.
Do not manually call methods from the callback.
Directly calling methods (eg. on_validation_end) is strongly discouraged.
Whenever possible, your callbacks should not depend on the order in which they are executed.

Entry Points¶

Lightning supports registering Trainer callbacks directly through Entry Points. Entry points allow an arbitrary package to include callbacks that the Lightning Trainer can automatically use, without you having to add them to the Trainer manually. This is useful in production environments where it is common to provide specialized monitoring and logging callbacks globally for every application.

Here is a callback factory function that returns two special callbacks:

factories.py¶

def my_custom_callbacks_factory():
    return [MyCallback1(), MyCallback2()]

If we make this factories.py file into an installable package, we can define an entry point for this factory function. Here is a minimal example of the setup.py file for the package my-package:

setup.py¶

from setuptools import setup

setup(
    name="my-package",
    version="0.0.1",
    install_requires=["lightning"],
    entry_points={
        "lightning.pytorch.callbacks_factory": [
            # The format here must be [any name]=[module path]:[function name]
            "monitor_callbacks=factories:my_custom_callbacks_factory"
        ]
    },
)

The group name for the entry points is lightning.pytorch.callbacks_factory and it contains a list of strings that specify where to find the function within the package.

Now, if you pip install -e . this package, it will register the my_custom_callbacks_factory function and Lightning will automatically call it to collect the callbacks whenever you run the Trainer!

To unregister the factory, simply uninstall the package with pip uninstall “my-package”.

Callback API¶

Here is the full API of methods available in the Callback base class.

The Callback class is the base for all the callbacks in Lightning just like the LightningModule is the base for all models. It defines a public interface that each callback implementation must follow, the key ones are:

Properties¶

state_key¶

Callback.state_key

Identifier for the state of the callback.

Used to store and retrieve a callback’s state from the checkpoint dictionary by checkpoint["callbacks"][state_key]. Implementations of a callback need to provide a unique state key if 1) the callback has state and 2) it is desired to maintain the state of multiple instances of that callback.

Return type: str

Hooks¶

setup¶

Callback.setup(trainer, pl_module, stage)[source]

Called when fit, validate, test, predict, or tune begins.

Return type: None

teardown¶

Callback.teardown(trainer, pl_module, stage)[source]

Called when fit, validate, test, predict, or tune ends.

Return type: None

on_fit_start¶

Callback.on_fit_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when fit begins.

Return type: None

on_fit_end¶

Callback.on_fit_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when fit ends.

Return type: None

on_sanity_check_start¶

Callback.on_sanity_check_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the validation sanity check starts.

Return type: None

on_sanity_check_end¶

Callback.on_sanity_check_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the validation sanity check ends.

Return type: None

on_train_batch_start¶

Callback.on_train_batch_start(trainer, pl_module, batch, batch_idx)[source]

Called when the train batch begins.

Return type: None

on_train_batch_end¶

Callback.on_train_batch_end(trainer, pl_module, outputs, batch, batch_idx)[source]

Called when the train batch ends.

Note

The value outputs["loss"] here will be the normalized value w.r.t accumulate_grad_batches of the loss returned from training_step.

Return type: None

on_train_epoch_start¶

Callback.on_train_epoch_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the train epoch begins.

Return type: None

on_train_epoch_end¶

Callback.on_train_epoch_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the train epoch ends.

To access all batch outputs at the end of the epoch, you can cache step outputs as an attribute of the pytorch_lightning.LightningModule and access them in this hook:

class MyLightningModule(L.LightningModule):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.training_step_outputs = []

    def training_step(self):
        loss = ...
        self.training_step_outputs.append(loss)
        return loss


class MyCallback(L.Callback):
    def on_train_epoch_end(self, trainer, pl_module):
        # do something with all training_step outputs, for example:
        epoch_mean = torch.stack(pl_module.training_step_outputs).mean()
        pl_module.log("training_epoch_mean", epoch_mean)
        # free up the memory
        pl_module.training_step_outputs.clear()

Return type: None

on_validation_epoch_start¶

Callback.on_validation_epoch_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the val epoch begins.

Return type: None

on_validation_epoch_end¶

Callback.on_validation_epoch_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the val epoch ends.

Return type: None

on_test_epoch_start¶

Callback.on_test_epoch_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the test epoch begins.

Return type: None

on_test_epoch_end¶

Callback.on_test_epoch_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the test epoch ends.

Return type: None

on_predict_epoch_start¶

Callback.on_predict_epoch_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the predict epoch begins.

Return type: None

on_predict_epoch_end¶

Callback.on_predict_epoch_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the predict epoch ends.

Return type: None

on_validation_batch_start¶

Callback.on_validation_batch_start(trainer, pl_module, batch, batch_idx, dataloader_idx=0)[source]

Called when the validation batch begins.

Return type: None

on_validation_batch_end¶

Callback.on_validation_batch_end(trainer, pl_module, outputs, batch, batch_idx, dataloader_idx=0)[source]

Called when the validation batch ends.

Return type: None

on_test_batch_start¶

Callback.on_test_batch_start(trainer, pl_module, batch, batch_idx, dataloader_idx=0)[source]

Called when the test batch begins.

Return type: None

on_test_batch_end¶

Callback.on_test_batch_end(trainer, pl_module, outputs, batch, batch_idx, dataloader_idx=0)[source]

Called when the test batch ends.

Return type: None

on_predict_batch_start¶

Callback.on_predict_batch_start(trainer, pl_module, batch, batch_idx, dataloader_idx=0)[source]

Called when the predict batch begins.

Return type: None

on_predict_batch_end¶

Callback.on_predict_batch_end(trainer, pl_module, outputs, batch, batch_idx, dataloader_idx=0)[source]

Called when the predict batch ends.

Return type: None

on_train_start¶

Callback.on_train_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the train begins.

Return type: None

on_train_end¶

Callback.on_train_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the train ends.

Return type: None

on_validation_start¶

Callback.on_validation_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the validation loop begins.

Return type: None

on_validation_end¶

Callback.on_validation_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the validation loop ends.

Return type: None

on_test_start¶

Callback.on_test_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the test begins.

Return type: None

on_test_end¶

Callback.on_test_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the test ends.

Return type: None

on_predict_start¶

Callback.on_predict_start(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when the predict begins.

Return type: None

on_predict_end¶

Callback.on_predict_end(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called when predict ends.

Return type: None

on_exception¶

Callback.on_exception(trainer, pl_module, exception)[source]

Called when any trainer execution is interrupted by an exception.

Return type: None

state_dict¶

Callback.state_dict()[source]

Called when saving a checkpoint, implement to generate callback’s state_dict.

Return type: Dict[str, Any]
Returns: A dictionary containing callback state.

on_save_checkpoint¶

Callback.on_save_checkpoint(trainer, pl_module, checkpoint)[source]

Called when saving a checkpoint to give you a chance to store anything else you might want to save.

Parameters

trainer¶ (Trainer) – the current Trainer instance.
pl_module¶ (LightningModule) – the current LightningModule instance.
checkpoint¶ (Dict[str, Any]) – the checkpoint dictionary that will be saved.

Return type

None

load_state_dict¶

Callback.load_state_dict(state_dict)[source]

Called when loading a checkpoint, implement to reload callback state given callback’s state_dict.

Parameters: state_dict¶ (Dict[str, Any]) – the callback state returned by state_dict.
Return type: None

on_load_checkpoint¶

Callback.on_load_checkpoint(trainer, pl_module, checkpoint)[source]

Called when loading a model checkpoint, use to reload state.

Parameters

trainer¶ (Trainer) – the current Trainer instance.
pl_module¶ (LightningModule) – the current LightningModule instance.
checkpoint¶ (Dict[str, Any]) – the full checkpoint dictionary that got loaded by the Trainer.

Return type

None

on_before_backward¶

Callback.on_before_backward(trainer, pl_module, loss)[source]

Called before loss.backward().

Return type: None

on_after_backward¶

Callback.on_after_backward(trainer, pl_module)[source]

Called after loss.backward() and before optimizers are stepped.

Return type: None

on_before_optimizer_step¶

Callback.on_before_optimizer_step(trainer, pl_module, optimizer)[source]

Called before optimizer.step().

Return type: None

on_before_zero_grad¶

Callback.on_before_zero_grad(trainer, pl_module, optimizer)[source]

Called before optimizer.zero_grad().

Return type: None