Train 1 trillion+ parameter models¶
When training large models, fitting larger batch sizes, or trying to increase throughput using multi-GPU compute, Lightning provides advanced optimized distributed training strategies to support these cases and offer substantial improvements in memory usage.
In many cases these strategies are some flavour of model parallelism however we only introduce concepts at a high level to get you started. Refer to the FairScale documentation for more information about model parallelism.
Note that some of the extreme memory saving configurations will affect the speed of training. This Speed/Memory trade-off in most cases can be adjusted.
Some of these memory-efficient strategies rely on offloading onto other forms of memory, such as CPU RAM or NVMe. This means you can even see memory benefits on a single GPU, using a strategy such as DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Offload.
Check out this amazing video explaining model parallelism and how it works behind the scenes:
Choosing an Advanced Distributed GPU Strategy¶
If you would like to stick with PyTorch DDP, see DDP Optimizations.
Unlike DistributedDataParallel (DDP) where the maximum trainable model size and batch size do not change with respect to the number of GPUs, memory-optimized strategies can accommodate bigger models and larger batches as more GPUs are used. This means as you scale up the number of GPUs, you can reach the number of model parameters you’d like to train.
There are many considerations when choosing a strategy as described below. In addition, check out the visualization of various strategy benchmarks using minGPT here.
Pre-training vs Fine-tuning¶
When fine-tuning, we often use a magnitude less data compared to pre-training a model. This is important when choosing a distributed strategy as usually for pre-training, we are compute-bound. This means we cannot sacrifice throughput as much as if we were fine-tuning, because in fine-tuning the data requirement is smaller.
Overall:
When fine-tuning a model, use advanced memory efficient strategies such as DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 or DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Offload, allowing you to fine-tune larger models if you are limited on compute
When pre-training a model, use simpler optimizations such FairScale Sharded Training, DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 or FairScale Fully Sharded Training, scaling the number of GPUs to reach larger parameter sizes
For both fine-tuning and pre-training, use DeepSpeed Activation Checkpointing or Activation Checkpointing as the throughput degradation is not significant
For example when using 128 GPUs, you can pre-train large 10 to 20 Billion parameter models using DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 without having to take a performance hit with more advanced optimized multi-gpu strategy.
But for fine-tuning a model, you can reach 10 to 20 Billion parameter models using DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Offload on a single GPU. This does come with a significant throughput hit, which needs to be weighed accordingly.
When Shouldn’t I use an Optimized Distributed Strategy?¶
Sharding techniques help when model sizes are fairly large; roughly 500M+ parameters is where we’ve seen benefits. However, in the following cases, we recommend sticking to ordinary distributed strategies * When your model is small (ResNet50 of around 80M Parameters), unless you are using unusually large batch sizes or inputs. * Due to high distributed communication between devices, if running on a slow network/interconnect, the training might be much slower than expected and then it’s up to you to determince the tradeoff here.
Colossal-AI¶
ColossalAIStrategy implements ZeRO-DP with chunk-based memory management.
With this chunk mechanism, really large models can be trained with a small number of GPUs.
It supports larger trainable model size and batch size than usual heterogeneous training by reducing CUDA memory fragments and CPU memory consumption.
Also, it speeds up this kind of heterogeneous training by fully utilizing all kinds of resources.
When enabling chunk mechanism, a set of consecutive parameters are stored in a chunk, and then the chunk is sharded across different processes. This can reduce communication and data transmission frequency and fully utilize communication and PCI-E bandwidth, which makes training faster.
Unlike traditional implementations, which adopt static memory partition, we implemented a dynamic heterogeneous memory management system named Gemini. During the first training step, the warmup phase will sample the maximum non-model data memory (memory usage expect parameters, gradients, and optimizer states). In later training, it will use the collected memory usage information to evict chunks dynamically. Gemini allows you to fit much larger models with limited GPU memory.
According to our benchmark results, we can train models with up to 24 billion parameters in 1 GPU. You can install colossalai by consulting how to download colossalai. Then, run this benchmark in Colossalai-PL/gpt.
Here is an example showing how to use ColossalAI:
from colossalai.nn.optimizer import HybridAdam
class MyBert(LightningModule):
...
def configure_sharded_model(self) -> None:
# create your model here
self.model = BertForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
def configure_optimizers(self):
# use the specified optimizer
optimizer = HybridAdam(self.model.parameters(), self.lr)
...
model = MyBert()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=1, precision=16, strategy="colossalai")
trainer.fit(model)
You can find more examples in the Colossalai-PL repository.
Note
The only accelerator which ColossalAI supports is
"gpu". But CPU resources will be used when the placement policy is set to “auto” or “cpu”.The only precision which ColossalAI allows is 16 (FP16).
It only supports a single optimizer, which must be
colossalai.nn.optimizer.CPUAdamorcolossalai.nn.optimizer. HybridAdamnow. You can setadamw_modeto False to use normal Adam. Noticing thatHybridAdamis highly optimized, it uses fused CUDA kernel and parallel CPU kernel. It is recomended to useHybridAdam, since it updates parameters in GPU and CPU both.Your model must be created using the
configure_sharded_model()method.ColossalaiStrategydoesn’t support gradient accumulation as of now.
Placement Policy¶
Placement policies can help users fully exploit their GPU-CPU heterogeneous memory space for better training efficiency. There are three options for the placement policy. They are “cpu”, “cuda” and “auto” respectively.
When the placement policy is set to “cpu”, all participated parameters will be offloaded into CPU memory immediately at the end of every auto-grad operation. In this way, “cpu” placement policy uses the least CUDA memory. It is the best choice for users who want to exceptionally enlarge their model size or training batch size.
When using “cuda” option, all parameters are placed in the CUDA memory, no CPU resources will be used during the training. It is for users who get plenty of CUDA memory.
The third option, “auto”, enables Gemini. It monitors the consumption of CUDA memory during the warmup phase and collects CUDA memory usage of all auto-grad operations. In later training steps, Gemini automatically manages the data transmission between GPU and CPU according to collected CUDA memory usage information. It is the fastest option when CUDA memory is enough.
Here’s an example of changing the placement policy to “cpu”.
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import ColossalAIStrategy
model = MyModel()
my_strategy = ColossalAIStrategy(placement_policy="cpu")
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, precision=16, strategy=my_strategy)
trainer.fit(model)
FairScale Sharded Training¶
Lightning integration of optimizer sharded training provided by FairScale. The technique can be found within DeepSpeed ZeRO and ZeRO-2, however the implementation is built from the ground up to be PyTorch compatible and standalone. Sharded Training allows you to maintain GPU scaling efficiency, whilst reducing memory overhead drastically. In short, expect near-normal linear scaling (if your network allows), and significantly reduced memory usage when training large models.
Sharded Training still utilizes Data Parallel Training under the hood, except optimizer states and gradients are sharded across GPUs. This means the memory overhead per GPU is lower, as each GPU only has to maintain a partition of your optimizer state and gradients.
The benefits vary by model and parameter sizes, but we’ve recorded up to a 63% memory reduction per GPU allowing us to double our model sizes. Because of efficient communication, these benefits in multi-GPU setups are almost free and throughput scales well with multi-node setups.
It is highly recommended to use Sharded Training in multi-GPU environments where memory is limited, or where training larger models are beneficial (500M+ parameter models). A technical note: as batch size scales, storing activations for the backwards pass becomes the bottleneck in training. As a result, sharding optimizer state and gradients becomes less impactful. Use Activation Checkpointing to see even more benefit at the cost of some throughput.
To use Sharded Training, you need to first install FairScale using the command below.
pip install fairscale
# train using Sharded DDP
trainer = Trainer(strategy="ddp_sharded")
Sharded Training can work across all DDP variants by adding the additional --strategy ddp_sharded flag via command line using a PyTorch Lightning script.
Internally we re-initialize your optimizers and shard them across your machines and processes. We handle all communication using PyTorch distributed, so no code changes are required.
FairScale Fully Sharded Training¶
Warning
FairScale Fully Sharded Training is in BETA and the API is subject to change. Please create an issue if you run into any problems.
Fully Sharded shards optimizer state, gradients, and parameters across data parallel workers. This allows you to fit much larger models onto multiple GPUs into memory.
Fully Sharded Training alleviates the need to worry about balancing layers onto specific devices using some form of pipe parallelism, and optimizes for distributed communication with minimal effort.
Enabling Module Sharding for Maximum Memory Efficiency¶
Auto Wrapping¶
Model layers should be wrapped in FSDP in a nested way to save peak memory and enable communication and computation overlapping. The
simplest way to do it is auto wrapping, which can serve as a drop-in replacement for DDP without changing the rest of the code. You don’t
have to wrap layers manually as in the case of manual wrapping.
Note
While initializing the optimizers inside configure_optimizers hook, make sure to use self.trainer.model.parameters(), else
PyTorch will raise an error. This is required because when you use auto-wrap, the model layers are sharded and your
lightning_module.parameters() will return a generator with no params. This inconvenience will be addressed in the future.
class MyModel(BoringModel):
def configure_optimizers(self):
return torch.optim.AdamW(self.trainer.model.parameters(), lr=1e-2)
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="fsdp", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
Manual Wrapping¶
Manual wrapping can be useful to explore complex sharding strategies by applying wrap selectively to some parts of the model. To activate
parameter sharding with manual wrapping, you can wrap your model using the wrap function. Internally in Lightning, we enable a context manager around the configure_sharded_model function to make sure the wrap parameters are passed correctly.
When not using Fully Sharded Training these wrap functions are a no-op. That means once the changes have been made, there is no need to remove the changes for other strategies.
auto_wrap recursively wraps Module within the LightningModule with nested Fully Sharded Wrappers,
signalling that we’d like to partition these modules across data parallel devices, discarding the full weights when not required (information here).
auto_wrap can have varying levels of success based on the complexity of your model. Auto Wrap does not support models with shared parameters.
wrap simply wraps the module with a Fully Sharded Parallel class with the correct parameters from the Lightning context manager.
Here’s an example using both wrap and auto_wrap to create your model:
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import pytorch_lightning as pl
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from fairscale.nn import checkpoint_wrapper, auto_wrap, wrap
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.linear_layer = nn.Linear(32, 32)
self.block = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(32, 32), nn.ReLU())
self.final_block = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(32, 32), nn.ReLU())
def configure_sharded_model(self):
# modules are sharded across processes
# as soon as they are wrapped with `wrap` or `auto_wrap`.
# During the forward/backward passes, weights get synced across processes
# and de-allocated once computation is complete, saving memory.
# Wraps the layer in a Fully Sharded Wrapper automatically
linear_layer = wrap(self.linear_layer)
# Wraps the module recursively
# based on a minimum number of parameters (default 100M parameters)
block = auto_wrap(self.block)
# For best memory efficiency,
# add FairScale activation checkpointing
final_block = auto_wrap(checkpoint_wrapper(self.final_block))
self.model = nn.Sequential(linear_layer, nn.ReLU(), block, final_block)
def configure_optimizers(self):
return torch.optim.AdamW(self.model.parameters(), lr=1e-2)
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="fsdp", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
trainer.test()
trainer.predict()
Activation Checkpointing¶
Activation checkpointing frees activations from memory as soon as they are not needed during the forward pass. They are then re-computed for the backwards pass as needed. Activation checkpointing is very useful when you have intermediate layers that produce large activations.
FairScale’s checkpointing wrapper also handles batch norm layers correctly, unlike the PyTorch implementation, ensuring stats are tracked correctly due to the multiple forward passes.
This saves memory when training larger models, however it requires wrapping modules you’d like to use activation checkpointing on. See here for more information.
Warning
Do not wrap the entire model with activation checkpointing. This is not the intended use of activation checkpointing, and will lead to failures as seen in this discussion.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from fairscale.nn import checkpoint_wrapper
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
# Wrap layers using checkpoint_wrapper
self.block_1 = checkpoint_wrapper(nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(32, 32), nn.ReLU()))
self.block_2 = nn.Linear(32, 2)
PyTorch Fully Sharded Training¶
PyTorch has it’s own version of FSDP which is upstreamed from their fairscale project. It was introduced in their v1.11.0 release but it is recommended to use it with PyTorch v1.12 or more and that’s what Lightning supports. The API is pretty similar to that of FairScale.
Auto Wrapping¶
Model layers should be wrapped in FSDP in a nested way to save peak memory and enable communication and computation overlapping. The
simplest way to do it is auto wrapping, which can serve as a drop-in replacement for DDP without changing the rest of the code. You don’t
have to wrap layers manually as in the case of manual wrapping.
model = BoringModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="fsdp_native", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
Read more here.
Manual Wrapping¶
Manual wrapping can be useful to explore complex sharding strategies by applying wrap selectively to some parts of the model. To activate
parameter sharding with manual wrapping, you can wrap your model using the wrap function. Internally in Lightning, we enable a context manager around the configure_sharded_model function to make sure the wrap parameters are passed correctly.
When not using Fully Sharded these wrap functions are a no-op. This means once the changes have been made, there is no need to remove the changes for other strategies.
wrap simply wraps the module with a Fully Sharded Parallel class with the correct parameters from the Lightning context manager.
Here’s an example using that uses wrap to create your model:
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import pytorch_lightning as pl
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from torch.distributed.fsdp.wrap import wrap
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.linear_layer = nn.Linear(32, 32)
self.block = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(32, 32), nn.Linear(32, 32))
def configure_sharded_model(self):
# modules are sharded across processes
# as soon as they are wrapped with `wrap`.
# During the forward/backward passes, weights get synced across processes
# and de-allocated once computation is complete, saving memory.
# Wraps the layer in a Fully Sharded Wrapper automatically
linear_layer = wrap(self.linear_layer)
for i, layer in enumerate(self.block):
self.block[i] = wrap(layer)
self.model = nn.Sequential(linear_layer, nn.ReLU(), self.block)
def configure_optimizers(self):
return torch.optim.AdamW(self.model.parameters())
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="fsdp_native", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
You can customize the strategy configuration by adjusting the arguments of DDPFullyShardedNativeStrategy and pass that to the strategy argument inside the Trainer.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPFullyShardedNativeStrategy
from torch.distributed.fsdp.fully_sharded_data_parallel import CPUOffload
native_fsdp = DDPFullyShardedNativeStrategy(cpu_offload=CPUOffload(offload_params=True))
trainer = pl.Trainer(strategy=native_fsdp, accelerator="gpu", device=4)
Check out this tutorial to learn more about the native support.
DeepSpeed¶
Note
The DeepSpeed strategy is in beta and the API is subject to change. Please create an issue if you run into any issues.
DeepSpeed is a deep learning training optimization library, providing the means to train massive billion parameter models at scale. Using the DeepSpeed strategy, we were able to train model sizes of 10 Billion parameters and above, with a lot of useful information in this benchmark and the DeepSpeed docs. DeepSpeed also offers lower level training optimizations, and efficient optimizers such as 1-bit Adam. We recommend using DeepSpeed in environments where speed and memory optimizations are important (such as training large billion parameter models).
Below is a summary of all the configurations of DeepSpeed.
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 1 - Shard optimizer states, remains at speed parity with DDP whilst providing memory improvement
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 - Shard optimizer states and gradients, remains at speed parity with DDP whilst providing even more memory improvement
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 Offload - Offload optimizer states and gradients to CPU. Increases distributed communication volume and GPU-CPU device transfer, but provides significant memory improvement
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 - Shard optimizer states, gradients, parameters and optionally activations. Increases distributed communication volume, but provides even more memory improvement
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Offload - Offload optimizer states, gradients, parameters and optionally activations to CPU. Increases distributed communication volume and GPU-CPU device transfer, but even more significant memory improvement.
DeepSpeed Activation Checkpointing - Free activations after forward pass. Increases computation, but provides memory improvement for all stages.
To use DeepSpeed, you first need to install DeepSpeed using the commands below.
pip install deepspeed
If you run into an issue with the install or later in training, ensure that the CUDA version of the PyTorch you’ve installed matches your locally installed CUDA (you can see which one has been recognized by running nvcc --version).
Note
DeepSpeed currently only supports single optimizer, single scheduler within the training loop.
When saving a checkpoint we rely on DeepSpeed which saves a directory containing the model and various components.
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 1¶
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 1 partitions your optimizer states (Stage 1) across your GPUs to reduce memory.
It is recommended to skip Stage 1 and use Stage 2, which comes with larger memory improvements and still remains efficient. Stage 1 is useful to pair with certain optimizations such as Torch ORT.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_1", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2¶
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 partitions your optimizer states (Stage 1) and your gradients (Stage 2) across your GPUs to reduce memory. In most cases, this is more efficient or at parity with DDP, primarily due to the optimized custom communications written by the DeepSpeed team.
As a result, benefits can also be seen on a single GPU. Do note that the default bucket sizes allocate around 3.6GB of VRAM to use during distributed communications, which can be tweaked when instantiating the strategy described in a few sections below.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_2", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
python train.py --strategy deepspeed_stage_2 --precision 16 --accelerator 'gpu' --devices 4
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 2 Offload¶
Below we show an example of running ZeRO-Offload. ZeRO-Offload leverages the host CPU to offload optimizer memory/computation, reducing the overall memory consumption.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_2_offload", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
This can also be done via the command line using a PyTorch Lightning script:
python train.py --strategy deepspeed_stage_2_offload --precision 16 --accelerator 'gpu' --devices 4
You can also modify the ZeRO-Offload parameters via the strategy as below.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DeepSpeedStrategy
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DeepSpeedStrategy(offload_optimizer=True, allgather_bucket_size=5e8, reduce_bucket_size=5e8),
precision=16,
)
trainer.fit(model)
Note
We suggest tuning the allgather_bucket_size parameter and reduce_bucket_size parameter to find optimum parameters based on your model size.
These control how large a buffer we limit the model to using when reducing gradients/gathering updated parameters. Smaller values will result in less memory, but tradeoff with speed.
DeepSpeed allocates a reduce buffer size multiplied by 1.5x so take that into consideration when tweaking the parameters.
The strategy sets a reasonable default of 2e8, which should work for most low VRAM GPUs (less than 7GB), allocating roughly 3.6GB of VRAM as buffer. Higher VRAM GPUs should aim for values around 5e8.
For even more speed benefit, DeepSpeed offers an optimized CPU version of ADAM called DeepSpeedCPUAdam to run the offloaded computation, which is faster than the standard PyTorch implementation.
import pytorch_lightning
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from deepspeed.ops.adam import DeepSpeedCPUAdam
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
...
def configure_optimizers(self):
# DeepSpeedCPUAdam provides 5x to 7x speedup over torch.optim.adam(w)
return DeepSpeedCPUAdam(self.parameters())
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_2_offload", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3¶
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 shards the optimizer states, gradients and the model parameters (also optionally activations). Sharding model parameters and activations comes with an increase in distributed communication, however allows you to scale your models massively from one GPU to multiple GPUs. The DeepSpeed team report the ability to fine-tune models with over 40B parameters on a single GPU and over 2 Trillion parameters on 512 GPUs. For more information we suggest checking the DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 Offload documentation.
We’ve ran benchmarks for all these features and given a simple example of how all these features work in Lightning, which you can see at minGPT.
To reach the highest memory efficiency or model size, you must:
Use the DeepSpeed strategy with the stage 3 parameter
Use CPU Offloading to offload weights to CPU, plus have a reasonable amount of CPU RAM to offload onto
Use DeepSpeed Activation Checkpointing to shard activations
Below we describe how to enable all of these to see benefit. With all these improvements we reached 45 Billion parameters training a GPT model on 8 GPUs with ~1TB of CPU RAM available.
Also please have a look at our DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Tips which contains a lot of helpful information when configuring your own models.
Note
When saving a model using DeepSpeed and Stage 3, model states and optimizer states will be saved in separate sharded states (based on the world size). See Collating Single File Checkpoint for DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 to obtain a single checkpoint file.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from deepspeed.ops.adam import FusedAdam
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
...
def configure_optimizers(self):
return FusedAdam(self.parameters())
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_3", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
trainer.test()
trainer.predict()
You can also use the Lightning Trainer to run predict or evaluate with DeepSpeed once the model has been trained.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
...
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_3", precision=16)
trainer.test(ckpt_path="my_saved_deepspeed_checkpoint.ckpt")
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Offload¶
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Offloads optimizer state, gradients to the host CPU to reduce memory usage as ZeRO Stage 2 does, however additionally allows you to offload the parameters as well for even more memory saving.
Note
When saving a model using DeepSpeed and Stage 3, model states and optimizer states will be saved in separate sharded states (based on the world size). See Collating Single File Checkpoint for DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 to obtain a single checkpoint file.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DeepSpeedStrategy
# Enable CPU Offloading
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_3_offload", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
# Enable CPU Offloading, and offload parameters to CPU
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DeepSpeedStrategy(
stage=3,
offload_optimizer=True,
offload_parameters=True,
),
precision=16,
)
trainer.fit(model)
DeepSpeed Infinity (NVMe Offloading)¶
Additionally, DeepSpeed supports offloading to NVMe drives for even larger models, utilizing the large memory space found in NVMes. DeepSpeed reports the ability to fine-tune 1 Trillion+ parameters using NVMe Offloading on one 8 GPU machine. Below shows how to enable this, assuming the NVMe drive is mounted in a directory called /local_nvme.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DeepSpeedStrategy
# Enable CPU Offloading
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_3_offload", precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
# Enable CPU Offloading, and offload parameters to CPU
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DeepSpeedStrategy(
stage=3,
offload_optimizer=True,
offload_parameters=True,
remote_device="nvme",
offload_params_device="nvme",
offload_optimizer_device="nvme",
nvme_path="/local_nvme",
),
precision=16,
)
trainer.fit(model)
When offloading to NVMe you may notice that the speed is slow. There are parameters that need to be tuned based on the drives that you are using. Running the aio_bench_perf_sweep.py script can help you to find optimum parameters. See the issue for more information on how to parse the information.
DeepSpeed Activation Checkpointing¶
Activation checkpointing frees activations from memory as soon as they are not needed during the forward pass. They are then re-computed for the backwards pass as needed.
Activation checkpointing is very useful when you have intermediate layers that produce large activations.
This saves memory when training larger models, however requires using a checkpoint function to run modules as shown below.
Warning
Ensure to not wrap the entire model with activation checkpointing. This is not the intended usage of activation checkpointing, and will lead to failures as seen in this discussion.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
import deepspeed
class MyModel(LightningModule):
...
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.block_1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(32, 32), nn.ReLU())
self.block_2 = torch.nn.Linear(32, 2)
def forward(self, x):
# Use the DeepSpeed checkpointing function instead of calling the module directly
# checkpointing self.block_1 means the activations are deleted after use,
# and re-calculated during the backward passes
x = deepspeed.checkpointing.checkpoint(self.block_1, x)
return self.block_2(x)
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DeepSpeedStrategy
import deepspeed
class MyModel(pl.LightningModule):
...
def configure_sharded_model(self):
self.block_1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(32, 32), nn.ReLU())
self.block_2 = torch.nn.Linear(32, 2)
def forward(self, x):
# Use the DeepSpeed checkpointing function instead of calling the module directly
x = deepspeed.checkpointing.checkpoint(self.block_1, x)
return self.block_2(x)
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy="deepspeed_stage_3_offload", precision=16)
# Enable CPU Activation Checkpointing
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DeepSpeedStrategy(
stage=3,
offload_optimizer=True, # Enable CPU Offloading
cpu_checkpointing=True, # (Optional) offload activations to CPU
),
precision=16,
)
trainer.fit(model)
DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 Tips¶
Here is some helpful information when setting up DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3 with Lightning.
If you’re using Adam or AdamW, ensure to use FusedAdam or DeepSpeedCPUAdam (for CPU Offloading) rather than the default torch optimizers as they come with large speed benefits
Treat your GPU/CPU memory as one large pool. In some cases, you may not want to offload certain things (like activations) to provide even more space to offload model parameters
When offloading to the CPU, make sure to bump up the batch size as GPU memory will be freed
We also support sharded checkpointing. By passing
save_full_weights=Falseto theDeepSpeedStrategy, we’ll save shards of the model which allows you to save extremely large models. However to load the model and run test/validation/predict you must use the Trainer object.
Collating Single File Checkpoint for DeepSpeed ZeRO Stage 3¶
After training using ZeRO Stage 3, you’ll notice that your checkpoints are a directory of sharded model and optimizer states. If you’d like to collate a single file from the checkpoint directory please use the below command, which handles all the Lightning states additionally when collating the file.
from pytorch_lightning.utilities.deepspeed import convert_zero_checkpoint_to_fp32_state_dict
# lightning deepspeed has saved a directory instead of a file
save_path = "lightning_logs/version_0/checkpoints/epoch=0-step=0.ckpt/"
output_path = "lightning_model.pt"
convert_zero_checkpoint_to_fp32_state_dict(save_path, output_path)
Warning
This single file checkpoint does not include the optimizer/lr-scheduler states. This means we cannot restore training via the trainer.fit(ckpt_path=) call. Ensure to keep the sharded checkpoint directory if this is required.
Custom DeepSpeed Config¶
In some cases you may want to define your own DeepSpeed Config, to access all parameters defined. We’ve exposed most of the important parameters, however, there may be debugging parameters to enable. Also, DeepSpeed allows the use of custom DeepSpeed optimizers and schedulers defined within a config file that is supported.
Note
All strategy default parameters will be ignored when a config object is passed. All compatible arguments can be seen in the DeepSpeed docs.
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DeepSpeedStrategy
deepspeed_config = {
"zero_allow_untested_optimizer": True,
"optimizer": {
"type": "OneBitAdam",
"params": {
"lr": 3e-5,
"betas": [0.998, 0.999],
"eps": 1e-5,
"weight_decay": 1e-9,
"cuda_aware": True,
},
},
"scheduler": {
"type": "WarmupLR",
"params": {
"last_batch_iteration": -1,
"warmup_min_lr": 0,
"warmup_max_lr": 3e-5,
"warmup_num_steps": 100,
},
},
"zero_optimization": {
"stage": 2, # Enable Stage 2 ZeRO (Optimizer/Gradient state partitioning)
"offload_optimizer": True, # Enable Offloading optimizer state/calculation to the host CPU
"contiguous_gradients": True, # Reduce gradient fragmentation.
"overlap_comm": True, # Overlap reduce/backward operation of gradients for speed.
"allgather_bucket_size": 2e8, # Number of elements to all gather at once.
"reduce_bucket_size": 2e8, # Number of elements we reduce/allreduce at once.
},
}
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy=DeepSpeedStrategy(config=deepspeed_config), precision=16)
trainer.fit(model)
We support taking the config as a json formatted file:
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DeepSpeedStrategy
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy=DeepSpeedStrategy(config="/path/to/deepspeed_config.json"), precision=16
)
trainer.fit(model)
You can use also use an environment variable via your PyTorch Lightning script:
PL_DEEPSPEED_CONFIG_PATH=/path/to/deepspeed_config.json python train.py --strategy deepspeed
DDP Optimizations¶
When Using DDP Strategies, Set find_unused_parameters=False¶
By default, we have set find_unused_parameters=True for compatibility reasons that have been observed in the past (refer to the discussion for more details).
When enabled, it can result in a performance hit and can be disabled in most cases. Read more about it here.
Tip
It applies to all DDP strategies that support find_unused_parameters as input.
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
trainer = pl.Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=2,
strategy=DDPStrategy(find_unused_parameters=False),
)
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPSpawnStrategy
trainer = pl.Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=2,
strategy=DDPSpawnStrategy(find_unused_parameters=False),
)
DDP Static Graph¶
DDP static graph assumes that your model employs the same set of used/unused parameters in every iteration, so that it can deterministically know the flow of training and apply special optimizations during runtime.
Note
DDP static graph support requires PyTorch>=1.11.0
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
trainer = Trainer(devices=4, strategy=DDPStrategy(static_graph=True))
When Using DDP on a Multi-node Cluster, Set NCCL Parameters¶
NCCL is the NVIDIA Collective Communications Library that is used by PyTorch to handle communication across nodes and GPUs. There are reported benefits in terms of speedups when adjusting NCCL parameters as seen in this issue. In the issue, we see a 30% speed improvement when training the Transformer XLM-RoBERTa and a 15% improvement in training with Detectron2.
NCCL parameters can be adjusted via environment variables.
Note
AWS and GCP already set default values for these on their clusters. This is typically useful for custom cluster setups.
export NCCL_NSOCKS_PERTHREAD=4
export NCCL_SOCKET_NTHREADS=2
Gradients as Bucket View¶
Enabling gradient_as_bucket_view=True in the DDPStrategy will make gradients views point to different offsets of the allreduce communication buckets. See DistributedDataParallel for more information.
This can reduce peak memory usage and throughput as saved memory will be equal to the total gradient memory + removes the need to copy gradients to the allreduce communication buckets.
Note
When gradient_as_bucket_view=True you cannot call detach_() on gradients. If hitting such errors, please fix it by referring to the zero_grad() function in torch/optim/optimizer.py as a solution (source).
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy=DDPStrategy(gradient_as_bucket_view=True))
trainer.fit(model)
DDP Communication Hooks¶
DDP Communication hooks is an interface to control how gradients are communicated across workers, overriding the standard allreduce in DistributedDataParallel. This allows you to enable performance improving communication hooks when using multiple nodes.
Enable FP16 Compress Hook for multi-node throughput improvement:
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
from torch.distributed.algorithms.ddp_comm_hooks import default_hooks as default
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(accelerator="gpu", devices=4, strategy=DDPStrategy(ddp_comm_hook=default.fp16_compress_hook))
trainer.fit(model)
Enable PowerSGD for multi-node throughput improvement:
Note
PowerSGD typically requires extra memory of the same size as the model’s gradients to enable error feedback, which can compensate for biased compressed communication and improve accuracy (source).
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
from torch.distributed.algorithms.ddp_comm_hooks import powerSGD_hook as powerSGD
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DDPStrategy(
ddp_comm_state=powerSGD.PowerSGDState(
process_group=None,
matrix_approximation_rank=1,
start_powerSGD_iter=5000,
),
ddp_comm_hook=powerSGD.powerSGD_hook,
),
)
trainer.fit(model)
Combine hooks for accumulated benefit:
Note
DDP communication wrappers support requires PyTorch>=1.9.0
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
from torch.distributed.algorithms.ddp_comm_hooks import (
default_hooks as default,
powerSGD_hook as powerSGD,
)
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DDPStrategy(
ddp_comm_state=powerSGD.PowerSGDState(
process_group=None,
matrix_approximation_rank=1,
start_powerSGD_iter=5000,
),
ddp_comm_hook=powerSGD.powerSGD_hook,
ddp_comm_wrapper=default.fp16_compress_wrapper,
),
)
trainer.fit(model)
When using Post-localSGD, you must also pass model_averaging_period to allow for model parameter averaging:
Note
Post-localSGD support requires PyTorch>=1.10.0
from pytorch_lightning import Trainer
from pytorch_lightning.strategies import DDPStrategy
from torch.distributed.algorithms.ddp_comm_hooks import post_localSGD_hook as post_localSGD
model = MyModel()
trainer = Trainer(
accelerator="gpu",
devices=4,
strategy=DDPStrategy(
ddp_comm_state=post_localSGD.PostLocalSGDState(
process_group=None,
subgroup=None,
start_localSGD_iter=8,
),
ddp_comm_hook=post_localSGD.post_localSGD_hook,
model_averaging_period=4,
),
)
trainer.fit(model)
