Source code for lightning.fabric.accelerators.cuda
# Copyright The Lightning AI team.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import os
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import lru_cache
from typing import Generator, List, Optional, Union, cast
import torch
from typing_extensions import override
from lightning.fabric.accelerators.accelerator import Accelerator
from lightning.fabric.accelerators.registry import _AcceleratorRegistry
from lightning.fabric.utilities.imports import _TORCH_GREATER_EQUAL_2_0
from lightning.fabric.utilities.rank_zero import rank_zero_info
[docs]class CUDAAccelerator(Accelerator):
"""Accelerator for NVIDIA CUDA devices."""
[docs] @override
def setup_device(self, device: torch.device) -> None:
"""
Raises:
ValueError:
If the selected device is not of type CUDA.
"""
if device.type != "cuda":
raise ValueError(f"Device should be CUDA, got {device} instead.")
_check_cuda_matmul_precision(device)
torch.cuda.set_device(device)
[docs] @override
def teardown(self) -> None:
_clear_cuda_memory()
[docs] @staticmethod
@override
def parse_devices(devices: Union[int, str, List[int]]) -> Optional[List[int]]:
"""Accelerator device parsing logic."""
from lightning.fabric.utilities.device_parser import _parse_gpu_ids
return _parse_gpu_ids(devices, include_cuda=True)
[docs] @staticmethod
@override
def get_parallel_devices(devices: List[int]) -> List[torch.device]:
"""Gets parallel devices for the Accelerator."""
return [torch.device("cuda", i) for i in devices]
[docs] @staticmethod
@override
def auto_device_count() -> int:
"""Get the devices when set to auto."""
return num_cuda_devices()
[docs] @staticmethod
@override
def is_available() -> bool:
return num_cuda_devices() > 0
@classmethod
@override
def register_accelerators(cls, accelerator_registry: _AcceleratorRegistry) -> None:
accelerator_registry.register(
"cuda",
cls,
description=cls.__name__,
)
def find_usable_cuda_devices(num_devices: int = -1) -> List[int]:
"""Returns a list of all available and usable CUDA GPU devices.
A GPU is considered usable if we can successfully move a tensor to the device, and this is what this function
tests for each GPU on the system until the target number of usable devices is found.
A subset of GPUs on the system might be used by other processes, and if the GPU is configured to operate in
'exclusive' mode (configurable by the admin), then only one process is allowed to occupy it.
Args:
num_devices: The number of devices you want to request. By default, this function will return as many as there
are usable CUDA GPU devices available.
Warning:
If multiple processes call this function at the same time, there can be race conditions in the case where
both processes determine that the device is unoccupied, leading into one of them crashing later on.
"""
if num_devices == 0:
return []
visible_devices = _get_all_visible_cuda_devices()
if not visible_devices:
raise ValueError(
f"You requested to find {num_devices} devices but there are no visible CUDA devices on this machine."
)
if num_devices > len(visible_devices):
raise ValueError(
f"You requested to find {num_devices} devices but this machine only has {len(visible_devices)} GPUs."
)
available_devices = []
unavailable_devices = []
for gpu_idx in visible_devices:
try:
torch.tensor(0, device=torch.device("cuda", gpu_idx))
except RuntimeError:
unavailable_devices.append(gpu_idx)
continue
available_devices.append(gpu_idx)
if len(available_devices) == num_devices:
# exit early if we found the right number of GPUs
break
if num_devices != -1 and len(available_devices) != num_devices:
raise RuntimeError(
f"You requested to find {num_devices} devices but only {len(available_devices)} are currently available."
f" The devices {unavailable_devices} are occupied by other processes and can't be used at the moment."
)
return available_devices
def _get_all_visible_cuda_devices() -> List[int]:
"""Returns a list of all visible CUDA GPU devices.
Devices masked by the environment variabale ``CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`` won't be returned here. For example, assume you
have 8 physical GPUs. If ``CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES="1,3,6"``, then this function will return the list ``[0, 1, 2]``
because these are the three visible GPUs after applying the mask ``CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES``.
"""
return list(range(num_cuda_devices()))
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
@contextmanager
def _patch_cuda_is_available() -> Generator:
"""Context manager that safely patches :func:`torch.cuda.is_available` with its NVML-based version if possible."""
if hasattr(torch._C, "_cuda_getDeviceCount") and _device_count_nvml() >= 0 and not _TORCH_GREATER_EQUAL_2_0:
# we can safely patch is_available if both torch has CUDA compiled and the NVML count is succeeding
# otherwise, patching is_available could lead to attribute errors or infinite recursion
orig_check = torch.cuda.is_available
torch.cuda.is_available = is_cuda_available
try:
yield
finally:
torch.cuda.is_available = orig_check
else:
yield
@lru_cache(1)
def num_cuda_devices() -> int:
"""Returns the number of available CUDA devices.
Unlike :func:`torch.cuda.device_count`, this function does its best not to create a CUDA context for fork support,
if the platform allows it.
"""
if _TORCH_GREATER_EQUAL_2_0:
return torch.cuda.device_count()
# Implementation copied from upstream: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/84879
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
nvml_count = _device_count_nvml()
return torch.cuda.device_count() if nvml_count < 0 else nvml_count
def is_cuda_available() -> bool:
"""Returns a bool indicating if CUDA is currently available.
Unlike :func:`torch.cuda.is_available`, this function does its best not to create a CUDA context for fork support,
if the platform allows it.
"""
# We set `PYTORCH_NVML_BASED_CUDA_CHECK=1` in lightning.fabric.__init__.py
return torch.cuda.is_available() if _TORCH_GREATER_EQUAL_2_0 else num_cuda_devices() > 0
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
def _parse_visible_devices() -> Union[List[int], List[str]]:
"""Parse CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES environment variable."""
var = os.getenv("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
if var is None:
return list(range(64))
def _strtoul(s: str) -> int:
"""Return -1 or positive integer sequence string starts with,"""
if not s:
return -1
for idx, c in enumerate(s):
if not (c.isdigit() or (idx == 0 and c in "+-")):
break
if idx + 1 == len(s):
idx += 1
return int(s[:idx]) if idx > 0 else -1
def parse_list_with_prefix(lst: str, prefix: str) -> List[str]:
rcs: List[str] = []
for elem in lst.split(","):
# Repeated id results in empty set
if elem in rcs:
return cast(List[str], [])
# Anything other but prefix is ignored
if not elem.startswith(prefix):
break
rcs.append(elem)
return rcs
if var.startswith("GPU-"):
return parse_list_with_prefix(var, "GPU-")
if var.startswith("MIG-"):
return parse_list_with_prefix(var, "MIG-")
# CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES uses something like strtoul
# which makes `1gpu2,2ampere` is equivalent to `1,2`
rc: List[int] = []
for elem in var.split(","):
x = _strtoul(elem.strip())
# Repeated ordinal results in empty set
if x in rc:
return cast(List[int], [])
# Negative value aborts the sequence
if x < 0:
break
rc.append(x)
return rc
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
def _raw_device_count_nvml() -> int:
"""Return number of devices as reported by NVML or negative value if NVML discovery/initialization failed."""
from ctypes import CDLL, byref, c_int
nvml_h = CDLL("libnvidia-ml.so.1")
rc = nvml_h.nvmlInit()
if rc != 0:
warnings.warn("Can't initialize NVML")
return -1
dev_count = c_int(-1)
rc = nvml_h.nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2(byref(dev_count))
if rc != 0:
warnings.warn("Can't get nvml device count")
return -1
del nvml_h
return dev_count.value
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
def _raw_device_uuid_nvml() -> Optional[List[str]]:
"""Return list of device UUID as reported by NVML or None if NVM discovery/initialization failed."""
from ctypes import CDLL, byref, c_int, c_void_p, create_string_buffer
nvml_h = CDLL("libnvidia-ml.so.1")
rc = nvml_h.nvmlInit()
if rc != 0:
warnings.warn("Can't initialize NVML")
return None
dev_count = c_int(-1)
rc = nvml_h.nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2(byref(dev_count))
if rc != 0:
warnings.warn("Can't get nvml device count")
return None
uuids: List[str] = []
for idx in range(dev_count.value):
dev_id = c_void_p()
rc = nvml_h.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex_v2(idx, byref(dev_id))
if rc != 0:
warnings.warn("Can't get device handle")
return None
buf_len = 96
buf = create_string_buffer(buf_len)
rc = nvml_h.nvmlDeviceGetUUID(dev_id, buf, buf_len)
if rc != 0:
warnings.warn("Can't get device UUID")
return None
uuids.append(buf.raw.decode("ascii").strip("\0"))
del nvml_h
return uuids
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
def _transform_uuid_to_ordinals(candidates: List[str], uuids: List[str]) -> List[int]:
"""Given the set of partial uuids and list of known uuids builds a set of ordinals excluding ambiguous partials
IDs."""
def uuid_to_orinal(candidate: str, uuids: List[str]) -> int:
best_match = -1
for idx, uuid in enumerate(uuids):
if not uuid.startswith(candidate):
continue
# Ambigous candidate
if best_match != -1:
return -1
best_match = idx
return best_match
rc: List[int] = []
for candidate in candidates:
idx = uuid_to_orinal(candidate, uuids)
# First invalid ordinal stops parsing
if idx < 0:
break
# Duplicates result in empty set
if idx in rc:
return cast(List[int], [])
rc.append(idx)
return rc
# TODO: Remove once minimum supported PyTorch version is 2.0
def _device_count_nvml() -> int:
"""Return number of devices as reported by NVML taking CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES into account.
Negative value is returned if NVML discovery or initialization has failed.
"""
visible_devices = _parse_visible_devices()
if not visible_devices:
return 0
try:
if isinstance(visible_devices[0], str):
# Skip MIG parsing
if visible_devices[0].startswith("MIG-"):
return -1
uuids = _raw_device_uuid_nvml()
if uuids is None:
return -1
visible_devices = _transform_uuid_to_ordinals(cast(List[str], visible_devices), uuids)
else:
raw_cnt = _raw_device_count_nvml()
if raw_cnt <= 0:
return raw_cnt
# Trim the list up to a maximum available device
for idx, val in enumerate(visible_devices):
if cast(int, val) >= raw_cnt:
return idx
except (OSError, AttributeError):
return -1
return len(visible_devices)
def _is_ampere_or_later(device: Optional[torch.device] = None) -> bool:
major, _ = torch.cuda.get_device_capability(device)
return major >= 8 # Ampere and later leverage tensor cores, where this setting becomes useful
@lru_cache(1) # show the warning only ever once
def _check_cuda_matmul_precision(device: torch.device) -> None:
if not torch.cuda.is_available() or not _is_ampere_or_later(device):
return
# check that the user hasn't changed the precision already, this works for both `allow_tf32 = True` and
# `set_float32_matmul_precision`
if torch.get_float32_matmul_precision() == "highest": # default
rank_zero_info(
f"You are using a CUDA device ({torch.cuda.get_device_name(device)!r}) that has Tensor Cores. To properly"
" utilize them, you should set `torch.set_float32_matmul_precision('medium' | 'high')` which will trade-off"
" precision for performance. For more details, read https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/"
"torch.set_float32_matmul_precision.html#torch.set_float32_matmul_precision"
)
# note: no need change `torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32` as it's enabled by default:
# https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices
def _clear_cuda_memory() -> None:
# strangely, the attribute function be undefined when torch.compile is used
if _TORCH_GREATER_EQUAL_2_0 and hasattr(torch._C, "_cuda_clearCublasWorkspaces"):
# https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/95668
torch._C._cuda_clearCublasWorkspaces()
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
